PAL

Experiment 1: Identification and Analysis of Cracks in Buildings

1. Aim

To identify cracks in different buildings, followed by analysis to determine their possible causes and to suggest appropriate treatment strategies.

2. Objectives

To observe, document, and classify different types of cracks in structural and non-structural components.
To analyze the observed cracks with respect to their orientation, extent, and location.
To understand possible causes behind the cracks.
To propose suitable remedial and preventive measures.
To relate findings with relevant IS codes and existing case studies for deeper insight.

3. Theoretical Background

Cracks in buildings may occur due to structural deficiencies, environmental conditions, material shrinkage, temperature variations, overloading, or poor construction practices. They can affect both the serviceability and safety of the structure. Reference to IS 516, IS 456, and IS 15988 may be made for guidance in identifying and assessing cracks in reinforced concrete structures. Students are encouraged to explore case studies from research literature to understand real-world examples of crack development and treatment.

4. Procedure (Sample – for reference only)

Visit the assigned building(s) or surrounding structures.
Capture clear photographs of cracks observed in structural members (beams, slabs, columns, walls, etc.).
- Photographs must be properly captured, labelled, numbered, and captioned.
Record details such as location, type of crack, width, orientation, and visible extent.
Compare observations with standard definitions and classification of cracks.
Analyze possible reasons for each observed crack.
Suggest remedial and preventive measures.
Relate findings with provisions of IS codes and review at least one case study from literature relevant to the type of crack observed.

5. Observations & Data Recording (Sample Table – for reference only)

Sr. No.	Location (Building Element)	Type of Crack	Orientation	Approx. Width / Extent	Possible Cause	Suggested Remedy
1	RCC Beam near support	Flexural Crack	Vertical	~2 mm	Overloading, inadequate reinforcement	Epoxy grouting, load reduction, strengthening
2	External wall	Shrinkage Crack	Diagonal	~1 mm	Temperature variation, poor curing	Sealant application, improved curing

Students must fill a minimum of 5–6 entries with properly captured, labelled, numbered, and captioned photographs attached in their report.

6. Analysis (Sample – for reference only)

Identify recurring patterns of cracks in specific elements.
Correlate observed cracks with possible material, structural, or environmental factors.
Compare observations with IS code provisions.
Support conclusions with references from at least one case study in literature.

7. Treatment Strategies (Sample – for reference only)

Crack sealing (epoxy injection, grouting, sealant application).
Structural strengthening where necessary (jacketing, fiber wrapping).
Preventive measures such as improved curing, better construction practices, and load management.

8. Results (Sample – for reference only)

Summary of the number and types of cracks identified.
Inferences about probable causes.
Remedial and preventive measures recommended.
Cross-reference to IS codes and related case studies.

References / Suggested Reading

IS 456:2000 – Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
“Handbook on Repair and Rehabilitation of RCC Buildings” – CPWD, Govt. of India
Selected journal papers on crack diagnosis in RC structures

Note: These references are for guidance. Students are encouraged to explore additional books, IS codes, and case studies relevant to the observed cracks.

9. Viva Questions (Sample – for reference only - Do not write in the final report)

What are the main types of cracks observed in buildings?
How do structural cracks differ from non-structural cracks?
Which IS codes provide guidance for crack assessment?
How does environmental exposure contribute to crack development?
What are some real-world case studies where crack remediation was carried out successfully?